• Mar. Oct 3rd, 2023

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EEUU y México continuarán estrechando controles migratorios en frontera.

PorNoel Minaya

May 3, 2023

Autoridades estadounidenses y mexicanas acordaron nuevas políticas migratorias diseñadas para detener los cruces ilegales de frontera y abrir otras vías para el esperado incremento de migrantes que intentan hacer el viaje tras el final de las restricciones de la pandemia la próxima semana.

La asesora de Seguridad Nacional Liz Sherwood-Randall dedicó el martes a reunirse con el presidente de México, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, y otros funcionarios de alto rango, hasta concretar un plan de cinco puntos, según comunicados de los dos países.

Según el acuerdo, México seguirá aceptando migrantes de Venezuela, Haití, Cuba y Nicaragua que sean rechazados en la frontera y hasta 100.000 personas de Honduras, Guatemala y El Salvador que tengan familia en Estados Unidos podrán optar a vivir y trabajar allí.

Pese a compartir una frontera de 1.951 millas (más de 3.100 kilómetros) con Estados Unidos, México era una ausencia notable en la presentación la semana pasada de un nuevo paquete de medidas que incluía habilitar lugares fuera de Estados Unidos a los que podrían ir los migrantes para solicitar permiso para instalarse legalmente en Estados Unidos, España o Canadá. Los primeros centros abrirían en Guatemala y Colombia.

Las restricciones del COVID-19 han permitido a las autoridades estadounidenses rechazar a decenas de miles de migrantes que cruzan la frontera sur, pero esas restricciones se levantarán el 11 de mayo y los funcionarios fronterizos se preparan para una oleada de personas. Incluso con las restricciones, el gobierno ha registrado cifras récord de personas que cruzaban la frontera y el presidente, Joe Biden, ha respondido persiguiendo a los que cruzan de forma ilegal y creando nuevas vías que pretenden servir de alternativa a un viaje peligroso y a menudo mortal.

El apoyo de México resulta crucial para que Estados Unidos mantenga el control sobre la frontera sur, especialmente en un momento en el que personas de lugares tan lejanos como Haití hacen el camino a pie a través de México y es difícil devolverlos a sus países de origen.

Ahora que México se ha sumado al plan, y tras el anuncio el martes de que 1.500 tropas en activo de Estados Unidos se desplegarán en el sur para prestar apoyo administrativo, entre otras medidas, las autoridades fronterizas creen que podrán gestionar la sobrecarga y otros posibles problemas que puedan surgir cuando terminen las restricciones asociadas al COVID-19.

Biden, que anunció hace una semana que aspirará a la reelección, intenta transmitir el mensaje de que su gobierno está haciendo un esfuerzo serio por reducir el número de cruces ilegales, que ha sido una fuente importante de críticas republicanas. También intenta disuadir a la gente de cruzar la frontera.

Pero el esfuerzo podría conllevar incómodas comparaciones con el predecesor republicano de Biden, Donald Trump, cuyas políticas Biden criticó a menudo. El Congreso, por su parte, se ha negado a tomar cualquier medida importante en inmigración.

Estados Unidos seguirá rechazando a los cubanos, haitianos, nicaragüenses y venezolanos que crucen de forma ilegal. México indicó el martes que seguiría aceptando hasta a 30.000 migrantes al mes de esos cuatro países, que suponen la mayoría de los cruces ilegales y no son fáciles de devolver a sus países.

Según datos sobre solicitantes de asilo en México, los haitianos seguían siendo el grupo más numeroso con 18.860 personas en lo que va de año, más que en todo 2022.

Entre tanto, Estados Unidos aceptará 30.000 personas al mes de esos cuatro países durante dos años y les ofrecerá la posibilidad de trabajar de forma legal siempre que entren de forma legal, tengan patrocinadores aptos y superen las comprobaciones de antecedentes.

El gobierno también tiene previsto acelerar los trámites para filtrar a los migrantes que piden asilo en la propia frontera, deportar con rapidez a los que no se consideren cualificados y sancionar a la gente que cruce de forma ilegal o atraviese otro país de forma ilegal en su camino hacia Estados Unidos.

Además, 1.500 militares en activo del Ejército y la Infantería de Marina se desplegarán en la zona de la frontera durante 90 días. El secretario de Defensa, Lloyd Austin, intentará cubrir esas plazas con reservistas o guardias nacionales durante ese periodo, indicó el general de brigada de la Fuerza Aérea Pat Ryder, portavoz del Pentágono. Ya hay 2.500 guardias nacionales en la frontera. No trabajan como fuerzas de seguridad, pero su presencia es significativa.

El entonces presidente Trump desplegó tropas en activo en la frontera para ayudar al personal de la patrulla fronteriza a procesar grandes caravanas de migrantes, junto con los guardias nacionales que ya trabajaban en esa labor.

La secretaria de prensa de la Casa Blanca, Karine Jean-Pierre, restó importancia a las similitudes entre la gestión migratoria de Biden y el empleo de tropas por parte de Trump. “El personal del Departamento de Defensa ha respaldado al de Protección de Fronteras y Aduanas desde hace casi dos décadas”, dijo. “De modo que esto es una práctica habitual”.

Sin embargo, algunos miembros del partido de Biden se opusieron a la medida.

“La militarización de la frontera por parte del gobierno de Biden es inaceptable”, dijo el presidente del Comité del Senado sobre Relaciones Exteriores, Bob Menendez, demócrata de Nueva Jersey. “Ya hay una crisis humanitaria en el Hemisferio Occidental, y desplegar personal militar sólo indica que los migrantes son una amenaza que requiere ser contenida por las tropas de nuestro país. Nada podría estar más lejos de la verdad”.

El Pentágono aprobó el martes una solicitud de tropas presentada por el Departamento de Seguridad Nacional, que gestiona la frontera.

Como condición a que Austin diera su autorización previa a la presencia de la Guardia Nacional en la frontera hasta el 1 de octubre, Seguridad Nacional tuvo que aceptar trabajar con la Casa Blanca y el Congreso para desarrollar un plan de personal de largo plazo, además de cubrir el déficit presupuestario para mantener la seguridad y el procesamiento de migrantes sin recurrir a recursos el Departamento de Defensa, indicaron funcionarios del Pentágono.

Según el acuerdo, el Pentágono requiere informes trimestrales de Seguridad Nacional sobre cómo cubriría la plantilla de su misión de frontera sin militares. En un primer momento no estaba claro si esos reportes ya han comenzado o si los funcionarios de fronteras podrán cumplir su lado del acuerdo, especialmente bajo la presión de otro repunte previsto en las llegadas de migrantes.

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